Exploring Happiness through Aristotle’s Lens: A Study of the Three Types of Life
Aristotle, one of the most prominent figures in the ancient world of philosophy, offered profound insights into the nature of life and existence. His ideologies, though centuries old, continue to spark intellectual discussions today.
In his masterpiece, the Nicomachean Ethics ,Aristotle detailed three types of life that humans strive to lead: the pleasure-oriented life, the politically active life, and the contemplative life.
Each of these lifestyles offers a distinct interpretation of what constitutes a ‘good life’ and how individuals find happiness or ‘eudaimonia.’
The first type of life is the pleasure-oriented life, also known as the hedonistic life. This approach to life emphasizes immediate satisfaction, usually manifested in physical or sensual pleasures. Aristotle observed that such a life is often chosen by those who are either immature or lack refinement, attributing higher value to instant gratification over long-term fulfillment. Despite being considered a lower form of life by Aristotle, the hedonistic lifestyle reveals an inherent characteristic of human nature — the pursuit of pleasure and aversion of pain. However, the drawback of this life lies in its instability and dependence on external circumstances, leading to a life of shallow substance and fleeting joy.
The second kind of life Aristotle outlines is the political life, or the practical life. This life focuses on public participation, societal contribution, and gaining honor and recognition. This life often appeals to those who find satisfaction in their influence over others and in the public acknowledgment of their actions. It revolves around societal norms and values, as well as the collective good. The politically active life requires a developed moral character and the capacity to make sound decisions. Aristotle considered this life to be nobler than the pleasure-oriented life because it seeks the common good and allows for the development and demonstration of virtues. However, this type of life is also dependent on external circumstances — social recognition and honor can be as fickle and unpredictable as the pleasures sought in the hedonistic life.
The final and highest form of life for Aristotle is the contemplative life, or the philosophical life. This life seeks knowledge and truth, particularly in understanding the fundamental principles of the universe. Aristotle views this life as the most virtuous and fulfilling one, as it is dedicated to the actualization of the human intellect — the defining characteristic of humans according to him. The contemplative life is independent and self-sufficient, not subject to the fluctuating tides of societal approval or sensory pleasure. Moreover, it contributes to lasting happiness, for knowledge and wisdom, once obtained, cannot be easily lost.
However, Aristotle did not completely dismiss the other two types of life. Instead, he proposed that a balanced life should comprise elements of all three types. Pleasure is a part of human experience and cannot be completely ignored, societal involvement and recognition are crucial for our social nature, and the pursuit of knowledge leads to the ultimate fulfillment of our rational capacities.
In conclusion, Aristotle’s three types of life reveal a profound understanding of human existence’s multifaceted nature. His idea prompts us to reflect on our lives and to consider which type we are leading — the pleasure-oriented, the politically active, or the contemplative. His philosophy serves as a guide, encouraging us towards a life that balances pleasure, societal contribution, and the pursuit of knowledge, thus leading to a more holistic and fulfilling existence.
